Essay on Parkinson’s Disease - 2135 Words

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a disease with a wide variety of disabilities recognizable as changes in appearance, posture, walking, and balance. In 1817, the English physician James Parkinson described these symptoms in his patients and has had his name become synonymous with the disease. In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s. Examination with the naked eye reveals a lack of black pigment in this portion of the brainstem. Subsequent follow up with the microscope showed a deterioration of the nerve cells in this area. The circuitous relationship between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia explains many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Today the†¦show more content†¦Consequently, both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are influenced by and return influence to the descending motor pathways (pyramidal and extrapyramidal), which affect the activity of the lower motoneurons. The substantia nigra is a subcortical nucleus that is closely related to basal ganglia. It is reciprocally connected with the striatum and sends efferents to the ventral anterior and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei and, to some extent, to the ventral lateral thalamic nuclei. The substantia nigra pars reticulata also projects to the superior colliculus. Neurons that originate in the striatum and project to the substantia nigra are inhibitory and utilize the neurotransmitters GABA and substance P. Fibers that arise in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra use the neurotransmitter dopamine and synapse in the striatum, while GABAminergic cells in the pars reticulata receive striatal input and project to the thalamus. Recordings from neurons in the basal ganglia of monkeys during various motor tasks reveal that the discharge of single cells in the neostriatum show a direct correlation with movements of the contralateral arm or leg, and that the discharge of substantial percentage of neurons precedes the onset of a movement. These studies suggest that the basal ganglia participate in movements at a high level, including the planning of movement synergy’s. Lesions of the basal ganglia resulting from disease in humans cause: disorders of theShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinsons Disease1596 Words   |  6 PagesMany people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of moveme nt disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntingtons disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, briefRead MoreThe Parkinsons Disease761 Words   |  3 PagesMathur states that â€Å"Genetics loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger† (Mathur). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) exhibits this pattern, with the vast majority of PD cases being idiopathic, likely the result of combined genetic and environmental factors. While many researchers previously sought symptom-specific treatment, recent breakthroughs open the door for the discovery of genetic and environmental causes so that disease prevention, and even reversal, emerge as viable possibilities. Recent research demonstratesRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a striatal dopamine deficiency disorder as a consequence of neuronal loss in the substania nigra. It is named after James Parkinson, a British apothecary, who first fully documented its physical signs in 1817. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of characteristic pathophysiology as well as in the medical treatment of different stages of PD. An overview of condition features in terms of epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis and diseaseRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can i mpair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in handsRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesParkinsons Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the shaking palsy first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD isRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease1305 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disease that effects about 329 per 100,000 people in the US. The average onset of this disease usually is for people over the age of 50, with the baby boomers getting older there may be an increase in this disease, as much as 9 million people worldwide. (Pawha 2010) Etiology The disease happens when the cells in the brain are damaged or stop-producing Dopamine, which helps with muscle movement, thus leaves those patients unable to control theirRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), known for its degenerative abilities and debilitating affects, is an illness that affects approximately 1 million Americans. The cause of this disease has not been pinpointed, although strides have been made towards a cure. As our elderly population increases, so does our overwhelming need to find a suitable cure that may one day eliminate this disease. Concepts of PD After watching the video: My father, My Brother, and Me, viewable at www.pbsRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affectsRead MoreEssay Parkinsons Disease3763 Words   |  16 PagesParkinsons Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnosesRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease is extremely important in terms of treating the symptoms before the disease gets worse. It is common for patients with PD to have motor symptoms such as gait disorder, which comes from muscle stiffness/rigidity, bradykinesia, postural imbalance, etc. Gait disorders can generally help determine how far the neurological disorder has affected the motor function and control of the individual. Many physicians in general c linics determine if a patient has PD or if it has

Kite Festival Free Essays

Rino Bnao EN 101-4 Karen Millam Sep 14, 2012 Taiwanese Kite Festival Kite Festival is the event where people made different kind of kites to fly them. Few days ago I went to Delap to attend the kite festival. I really enjoyed the event and although there are many reasons why I like about the kite Festival, few major facts why I like the event the most and catches my attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Kite Festival or any similar topic only for you Order Now First reason why I like the event is that the Taiwanese allowed the kids to fly and played their kites. Each kid that I saw during the event was really happy. They enjoyed playing with the different kind of kites. The Taiwanese even gave the kids each a small kite that they can play with it and fly it around and enjoyed the day. Another reason why I like the event is the Kites. There are about ten to fifteen kites that flying in the air. Each kite shape like different kind of animals and that one thing that catches my attention. I even asked myself why is all the kites shape like an animal. Later on after interviewing or talking with one of the team member, I found out that an animal is the best shape that they used. He said that the every entire kite they fly will always be an animal’s shape. Each kite has different kind of color and they look bright with their color. Finally I like the event because I learn something from it. First thing that I learn is how to make it and what materials that used to make a kite. According to them, Bamboo stick and silk is the best material to make a kite. They show us how they made it and it was really awesome seeing them making a kite for the kids. I also learn that the event is really important because they bring back the Taiwanese or Chinese history and of course bring flying sport to Marshall Island. Also learned what are the kite for and there are many things that they can use for the kite. For example they used the kite for sport and also for war. Small or big kites can be both useful for many reasons. In conclusion, I really admired the colorful kites that surrounded me. I enjoyed the event because I learn good thing about kite and how useful, colorful, awesome they are. This entire thing catches my attention. I was surprise when I saw them. How to cite Kite Festival, Essay examples

African culture free essay sample

An approach to African studies will be summarized within this essay. Each chapter encompasses a detailed explanation from African cultures to economical struggles and much more. These 10 chapters will include a brief introduction and summary of African societies, Power, Descent from the same ancestor, Contracting an alliance, Government, Repetitive and dynamic models, Inequality, Dependence relations, Association, and Exchange of Goods. Chapter 1 This chapter introduces the audience into an overall summary of African relationships and explains to us the social horizons of the interaction amongst the people. An area called the â€Å" Black Africa† separates and divides between two cultural worlds. Amongst this â€Å"Black Africa† region, we can conclude that a cultural community exists. The concept of global societies explains to us the state of society in the age of globalization. This â€Å"Global Society† contains both men and women, and is passed on to many generations, from learning the cultural ways ancestors have passed down, to an overall guide of how to live an everyday life until one dies. It is proven that relationships can exists between the members of two different societies. There are Seven institutionalized societal relations and they are Kinship, Alliance, Government, Inequality and Equality, Feudality, Association, and Exchange of Goods. These roles are a guide of a superiority and inferiority statuses. Chapter 2 This chapter opens into the topic of â€Å"Power.† Power is an important key factor for an individual or within a group. People with power has an advantage of having a better life than others, to have power is also a key to enjoying the better things in life and survival. There is such a thing as â€Å"power over nature, oneself and others within production; agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, industry, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aborisade 34). With power, one can produce an influential affect within a group or individual. In this case, an environmental, and industrial change can result from an individual with power. This chapter concludes with pressure within power such as an individual being a loyal subject within a social relationship and having to resist against an individuals own will. Chapter 3 This chapter opens into the â€Å"Descent from the same ancestor.† Kinship is an importance within the African culture. Kinship network gives power and strength within a group because of the social connections within a group’s individual life. The kinship system was such an importance within the traditional African culture because they believed in one line that divides into two categories; that could either be the â€Å"paternal line or maternal line†(Aborisade 39). The kinship network is important to an individual if that individual is in a lineage that holds power within previous and current generations; it could influence and acquire useful support when needed. Whether past or present, modern African cities now still uses kinship as a way of competition for power. Chapter 4 This chapter introduces us into â€Å"Contracting an alliance.† Marriage between two people shows the importance between the ties of lineage, power, alliance, and politics within the African culture. Marriage in Africa is known to be defined as â€Å"the legitimate descendants of the lineage who discharged the matrimonial debt† (Aborisade 72). A woman bears children for the family to tie the lineage of the family, and possibly gain power, and political alliance. Modern day African society has changed in a sense that marriage is no longer tied to hoes and cattle’s that is defined in bridewealth, but rather cash; and modern day women can hold steady through economic independence. In rural Africa, marriage for lineal alliances continues but less pressure is placed on women having to work for their husbands. Chapter 5 This chapter introduces us into the â€Å"Government.† â€Å"African government was always monarchical† (Aborisade 90); like many other cultures, a king or chief is always needed to sustain a political system. These â€Å"chiefdoms and kingdoms† (Aborisade 90), were widely dispersed across Black Africa. The government system is controlled by rulers and subjects and displayed a very noble image within the monarchy. For example, a king would sacrifice himself to prevent a community disaster due to any signs of weakness that is shown within the society. Kings and nobilities were very sacred and held such an important stature for the people. The rulers would make decisions in public affairs and any external threat, security, or defense. Management of industrial production such as hospitals, medical services and economic infrastructure; would also be managed by a ruler of that region. Within the nineteenth century, a new approach replaced the traditional political system and the â€Å"Supreme ruler is the president† (Aborisade 114). Chapter 6 This chapter addresses to us the â€Å"Repetitive and dynamic models† that the â€Å"Black Africa† system has informed us about within the last 5 chapters. This chapter focuses on the traditional, colonial and independent models of the political network. As stated within the text, â€Å"from the traditional to the colonial model, and from there to the independent model, we see that there is an increase in governmental tasks† (133). This simply defines the fact that in order for these three factors to exist, the political system has to operate efficiently to maintain the political system effectively. An increase in government task means that services that are economically assessable through; for example, â€Å"construction, medical/hospital services and natural resources† (134), obtained for money are increasing economically. Chapter 7 This chapter covers the topic of â€Å"Inequality.† Throughout the ages, inequality has been shown in many different ways. In certain areas of the many kingdoms in Africa, there were many groups that belonged within each kingdom and they were distinguished by names. This created an inequality, which applies to the four networks of stratification. Caste and classes are determined by being born into a system. These four networks offered different cultures and societal needs as well as each class were classified into a hierarchical group. This chapter concludes that a â€Å"relation of superiority is not necessarily a relation to power† (189). Chapter 8 This chapter focuses on â€Å"Dependence relations.† Dependent is relying, needing or having someone or something for aid. Dependence is often unavoidable and dependence is often used within many relationships between people; where it is to gain power, for love, friendship or any kind of relationship. Dependence plays a role in societal relations. Clientship and feudality is expressed in this chapter, in conclusion; â€Å"feudal dependence is institutionalized while the dependence of clientship is not† (196). Chapter 9 â€Å"Association† is the key factor in this chapter. Association is defined as â€Å"permanent groups of people with organized activities† (220). Association is also a bond and an agreement amongst a group to comply and follow the rules that have been established. If a rule has been violated, actions must take place in order for the violator to be held accountable. An association is generally a group created for various goals whether it be religious, political, etc, also an association can be a threat to rulers due to its strong beliefs and power to achieve their goals. Associations in modern Africa now are still â€Å"outlawed† (230) by rulers and even till today, associations remain on close watch. Chapter 10 The last chapter of this book talks about the â€Å"Exchange of goods.† Exchange of goods is an importance within the social relations because it allows a bond and close interaction between two sides and will develop and create benefits between the two parties. The economic relations between the modern Africans and traditional Africans remain the same as exchange still plays a huge role within the economic network. The selling, benefiting, and trade between two parties remains to gain political and economic power. In conclusion, the 10 chapters within this book summarize African studies for an audience to be informed about the general culture, political, and economical lives of the African society. Works Cited Aborisade. Pan Africanism/ Global Connections. n.d.